Proactive Personality Scale.
PPS
Proactive personality - dispositional tendency to identify opportunities, show initiative, take action and persevere to change one's environment (unidimensional).
- Provisionally grouped under
- Length and format
- 17 (original); 10-item and 6-item short forms widely used. 7-point Likert (agree-disagree) (self-report questionnaire)
- Language versions
- Many languages incl. ES, IT, ZH, FR, DE, NL, PT (validated adaptations).
- Licence
- open with attribution
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- Reference
- Bateman, T. S., & Crant, J. M. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 103-118. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030140202
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