Depression Anxiety Stress Scales - 21.

DASS-21

What it measures

Three correlated negative-affect dimensions: depression (dysphoria, hopelessness, anhedonia), anxiety (autonomic arousal, situational anxiety), and stress/tension (irritability, over-reactivity, difficulty relaxing)

Length and format

21 (7 per subscale). 4-point (0-3, past week); subscale sums multiplied by 2 to compare to DASS-42 (each 0-42) (self-report questionnaire)

Language versions

50+ languages incl. ES, FR, DE, ZH, AR, FA, TR, PT, IT, NL, BCMS and many more; very broadly validated

Normative data

No normative data held in our reference library for this instrument. That is a statement about our library, not about the published literature.

Licence

public-domain / open

Licence classification is a research judgement by the catalogue’s authors, not legal advice, and it can be out of date. Confirm terms with the copyright holder or publisher before using an instrument, especially for commercial use.

Reference

Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (2nd ed.). Sydney: Psychology Foundation of Australia.